Climate change mitigation and adaptation pose significant challenges in the twenty-first century, with human developments playing a central role in these complex issues. The production and consumption of energy and water, coupled with our heavy reliance on fossil fuels, contribute to global warming through the release of heat-trapping greenhouse gases, notably carbon dioxide. The consequences of rising global temperatures extend beyond the environment, impacting human health and well-being and the delicate natural systems that sustain us, including the air, land, and water. Harsher weather conditions have become the norm as heat accumulates in the land, water, and atmosphere. Without a drastic reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, our civilization faces even more severe and potentially catastrophic consequences. Effectively addressing climate change necessitates immediate and substantial improvements in energy and water efficiency worldwide. By utilizing these resources more efficiently, we can make significant strides toward mitigating climate change and its adverse effects. This chapter explores the critical role of human developments in climate change, emphasizing the urgent need to adopt sustainable practices and technologies to optimize energy and water use. Through comprehensive strategies and concerted global efforts, we can pave the way for a more resilient and sustainable future.